BPOC este o afec\u021biune \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103 frecvent la adul\u021bii de v\u00e2rst\u0103 mijlocie sau v\u00e2rstnici care fumeaz\u0103. Multe persoane nu \u00ee\u0219i dau seama c\u0103 o au, iar problemele de respira\u021bie tind s\u0103 se agraveze limit\u00e2nd activit\u0103\u021bile normale [3].<\/p>\n
Care sunt simptomele bolii pulmonare obstructive cronice?<\/h2>\n
Simptomele BPOC pot fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een dou\u0103 grupe: simptome \u00een stadiul incipient \u0219i simptome \u00een stadiul avansat.<\/p>\n
Simptomele bolii pulmonare obstructive cronice \u00een stadiul incipient<\/h3>\n
Simptomele bolii pulmonare obstructive [4] cronice \u00een stadiul incipient includ:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Respira\u021bie dificil\u0103, obositoare;<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Tuse toracic\u0103 persistent\u0103, cu flegm\u0103<\/strong> (care poate fi alb\u0103, galben\u0103 sau u\u0219or verzui);<\/li>\n
- Senza\u021bie de str\u00e2nsoare sau greutate toracic\u0103<\/strong>;<\/li>\n
- Infec\u021bii pulmonare<\/strong> (\u0219i ale c\u0103ilor respiratorii) frecvente<\/strong>;<\/li>\n
- Respira\u021bie \u0219uier\u0103toare<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/simptome-stadiu-incipient-scaled.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/p>\nDe cele mai multe ori respira\u021bia \u0219uier\u0103toare se aude atunci c\u00e2nd persoana expir\u0103 aerul. Ea este provocat\u0103 de aerul care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 treac\u0103 prin c\u0103ile respiratorii \u00eengustate ale pl\u0103m\u00e2nilor [5]. Simptomele se pot manifesta gradat sau acut. O exacerbare acut\u0103 reprezint\u0103 o agravare brusc\u0103 a semnelor \u0219i simptomelor de BPOC \u0219i poate s\u0103 dureze c\u00e2teva zile.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Simptomele bolii pulmonare obstructive cronice \u00een stadiul avansat<\/h3>\n
Aceste simptome suplimentare sunt mai pu\u021bin frecvente dar au tendin\u021ba s\u0103 apar\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd BPOC ajunge \u00een stadiul avansat [6].<\/p>\n
- \n
- Pierdere \u00een greutate;<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Oboseal\u0103 <\/strong>(senza\u021bie de lips\u0103 de energie);<\/li>\n
- Glezne sau picioare umflate <\/strong>(edem);<\/li>\n
- Dureri toracice;<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Tuse cu s\u00e2nge <\/strong>(\u00een cazul asocierii BPOC cu alte afec\u021biuni).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/simptome-stadiu-avansat-scaled.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/p>\nResurse \u0219i suport pentru pacien\u021bi<\/h2>\n
Dac\u0103 ave\u021bi oricare din simptomele anterior amintite \u0219i ave\u021bi nevoie de un tratament pentru boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103 , programa\u021bi-v\u0103 acum la o consulta\u021bie\u00a0<\/span>contact\u00e2nd recep\u021bia Institutului RoNeuro<\/strong> la num\u0103rul de telefon<\/span> 0374 46 2222<\/a><\/b>, luni \u0219i mar\u021bi \u00eentre orele 08:00 – 19:00<\/strong>, iar de miercuri p\u00e2n\u0103 vineri \u00eentre orele 08:00 – 18:00<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
La momentul program\u0103rii, pute\u021bi opta \u0219i pentru consulta\u021bie neurologic\u0103 gratuit\u0103, decontat\u0103 prin Casa Na\u021bional\u0103 de Asigur\u0103ri de S\u0103n\u0103tate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Program\u0103ri online neurologie<\/a><\/p>\n
Locui\u021bi \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 izolat\u0103 sau nu v\u0103 pute\u021bi deplasa la clinic\u0103? Institutul RoNeuro ofer\u0103 \u0219i op\u021biunea de <\/span>telemedicin\u0103<\/a>.<\/b><\/p>\n
Care sunt cauzele \u0219i factorii de risc \u00een boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103?<\/h2>\n
BPOC este considerat\u0103 \u00een mod conven\u021bional cunoscut\u0103 drept o boal\u0103 a fum\u0103torilor adul\u021bi, legat\u0103 de inflama\u021bia c\u0103ilor respiratorii \u0219i modific\u0103rile structurale ale acestora [7].<\/p>\n
Vapingul<\/h3>\n
Este semnificativ asociat cu diagnosticul de boal\u0103 pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103 la adul\u021bi, chiar \u0219i \u00een r\u00e2ndul celor care nu au fumat niciodat\u0103 [8].<\/p>\n
\u021aig\u0103rile electronice cu non-nicotin\u0103<\/h3>\n
Sub form\u0103 de vapori creeaz\u0103 dependen\u021b\u0103. Unii indivizi folosesc at\u00e2t \u021big\u0103ri electronice c\u00e2t \u0219i cele obi\u0219nuite cu tutun, ceea ce este \u0219i mai d\u0103un\u0103tor [9].<\/p>\n
Imunitatea nespecific\u0103 (\u00eenn\u0103scut\u0103)<\/h3>\n
Este afectat\u0103 de expunerea la fumul de tutun, favoriz\u00e2nd o inflama\u021bie pronun\u021bat\u0103 \u0219i cronic\u0103 a pl\u0103m\u00e2nilor. Fumatul este principala cauz\u0103 a bron\u0219itei cronice \u0219i a emfizemului pulmonar pe plan mondial [10]. Pl\u0103m\u00e2nii afecta\u021bi de fumul de \u021bigar\u0103 au o ventila\u021bie necorespunz\u0103toare \u0219i un schimb de gaze deficitar.<\/p>\n
Cu toate acestea, cauzele \u0219i factorii de risc \u00een\u00a0 difer\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de demografie (e.g copiii de v\u00e2rst\u0103 \u0219colar\u0103 \u0219i pre\u0219colar\u0103, adul\u021bii cu factori de risc profesionali, adul\u021bi nefum\u0103tori). Astfel, copiii de v\u00e2rst\u0103 \u0219colar\u0103 \u0219i pre\u0219colar\u0103 pot dezvolta boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103 din cauze genetice<\/em> (deoarece genele sunt importante \u00een dezvoltarea pulmonar\u0103 timpurie) sau epigenetice<\/em> (fumatul matern, infec\u021bii virale \u0219i caren\u021be nutri\u021bionale materne din timpul sarcinii \u0219i poluan\u021bi chimici din mediu \u0219i praf) [11].<\/p>\n
Cauze \u0219i factori de risc profesionali ai bolii pulmonare obstructive cronice la adul\u021bi<\/h2>\n
Adul\u021bii cu factori de risc profesionali reprezint\u0103 o categorie important\u0103 printre pacien\u021bii cu boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103. Cauzele profesionale ale BPOC pot include [13-15]:<\/p>\n
Factori din industria chimic\u0103 \u0219i minerit<\/h3>\n
Ace\u0219tia includ expunerea la praf de c\u0103rbune, substan\u021be chimice industriale \u0219i praf.<\/p>\n
Factori din industria agricol\u0103<\/h3>\n
Printre factorii reprezentativi industriei agricole se num\u0103r\u0103 expunerea la substan\u021be gazoase precum pesticide, insecticide, pulberi fine organice, expunerea cresc\u0103torilor de animale la endotoxine precum bacterii, virusuri.<\/p>\n
Factori de risc din industria textil\u0103 a bumbacului \u0219i c\u00e2nepii<\/h3>\n
Cei mai importan\u021bi factori de risc din industria textil\u0103 a bumbacului \u0219i c\u00e2nepii includ expunerea la alergeni \u0219i pulberi care determin\u0103 apari\u021bia atopiei sau bisinozei.<\/p>\n
Factori din industria mor\u0103ritului \u0219i a panifica\u021biei<\/h3>\n
Factorii de risc din industria mor\u0103ritului \u0219i a panifica\u021biei sunt expunerea la praf \u0219i alergeni.<\/p>\n
Meserii din industrie cu factori de risc de BPOC<\/h3>\n
Printre aceste meserii cu factori de risc amintim: sudor electric, vopsitor, l\u0103c\u0103tu\u015f, laminator, zincuitor, electrician, etc.<\/p>\n
Meserii din domeniul serviciilor de s\u0103n\u0103tate<\/h3>\n
Printre factorii de risc la care sunt supu\u0219i angaja\u021bii din domeniul s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii amintim: substan\u021be de cur\u0103\u021bire \u0219i dezinfec\u021bie, bioaerosoli, aerisire necorespunz\u0103toare a \u00eenc\u0103perilor, gaze emanate la deschiderea diverselor recipiente, expunerea la patogeni transmisibili prin aer.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/cauze-si-factori-de-risc-profesionali-adulti--scaled.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/p>\nCauze \u0219i factori de risc ai bolii pulmonare obstructive cronice la adul\u021bii nefum\u0103tori<\/h2>\n
De\u0219i multe studii legate de BPOC s-au orientat c\u0103tre adul\u021bii fum\u0103tori, datele recente demonstreaz\u0103 c\u0103 cel pu\u021bin un sfert dintre pacien\u021bii cu BPOC sunt nefum\u0103tori. Factorii de risc ai BPOC la nefum\u0103tori pot include [16-18]:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Factori genetici<\/strong> (deficitul unei proteine antiinflamatorii care protejeaz\u0103 pl\u0103m\u00e2nii);<\/li>\n
- Astmul cronic<\/strong>;<\/li>\n
- Bron\u0219ite \u0219i bron\u0219ilite<\/strong>;<\/li>\n
- Poluarea aerului<\/strong> (de la traficul rutier \u0219i\/sau alte surse);<\/li>\n
- Expunerea la fum<\/strong> (din biomas\u0103, la locul de munc\u0103 sau din mediul \u00eenconjur\u0103tor);<\/li>\n
- Fumatul pasiv<\/strong> (expunerea la fumul altor fum\u0103tori dintr-o \u00eenc\u0103pere \u00eenchis\u0103);<\/li>\n
- Factori profesionali<\/strong>;<\/li>\n
- Infec\u021bii respiratorii frecvente<\/strong> (precum viroze, bron\u0219it\u0103, tuberculoz\u0103, etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Cauze \u0219i factori de risc ai bolii pulmonare obstructive cronice la copii<\/h2>\n
BPOC la copii ap\u0103rea din diverse motive, precum:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Cauze genetice;<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Cauze epigenetice:<\/strong>\n
- \n
- Fumatul matern,<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Infec\u021bii virale materne,<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Caren\u021be nutri\u021bionale materne,<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Poluan\u021bi chimici din mediul extern.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/cauze-si-factori-de-risc-copii-scaled.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/p>\nBPOC nu este suficient de bine definit\u0103 la copii. Un copil care prezint\u0103 tuse cronic\u0103 \u0219i respira\u021bie \u0219uier\u0103toare trebuie investigat pentru astm, compresiuni recurente ale c\u0103ilor respiratorii prin aspira\u021bie, infec\u021bie cronic\u0103, fibroz\u0103 chistic\u0103 \u0219i imunodeficien\u021b\u0103. Dac\u0103 nu se identific\u0103 o cauz\u0103 specific\u0103; trebuie c\u0103uta\u021bi factori de mediu precum fumatul pasiv, poluarea aerului \u0219i iritan\u021bii. Op\u021biunea terapeutic\u0103 pentru pacien\u021bii cu tuse cronic\u0103 productiv\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 etiologie specific\u0103 include controlul factorilor de mediu, bronhodilatatoarele \u0219i fizioterapia toracic\u0103.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Concluzii<\/h2>\n
Boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103\u00a0este o boal\u0103 multifactorial\u0103 care evolueaz\u0103 pe termen lung \u0219i \u00een majoritatea cazurilor este incurabil\u0103. Cu toate acestea, tratamentele actuale pot contribui la cre\u0219terea calit\u0103\u021bii vie\u021bii pacien\u021bilor.Tratamentul BPOC include renun\u021barea la fumat, bronhodilatatoare, reabilitare pulmonar\u0103 \u0219i oxigenoterapie \u00een faze avansate<\/p>\n
Cu c\u00e2t este diagnosticat\u0103 mai devreme cu at\u00e2t mai bune sunt \u0219ansele de a reduce influen\u021ba \u0219i severitatea simptomelor, care perturb\u0103 via\u021ba de zi cu zi. Dac\u0103 este l\u0103sat\u0103 netratat\u0103 sau se intervine foarte t\u00e2rziu, atunci pot apare probleme grave de s\u0103n\u0103tate, iar \u00een faza terminal\u0103, transplantul de pl\u0103m\u00e2ni r\u0103m\u00e2ne singura op\u021biune de tratament.<\/p>\n
Este important ca planul de tratament al BPOC s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 c\u00e2t mai cur\u00e2nd posibil, deoarece promptitudinea interven\u021biei medicale interdisciplinare poate avea un impact semnificativ asupra rezultatelor pe termen lung, evit\u00e2ndu-se episoadele de exacerbare a simptomelor \u0219i complica\u021biile.<\/p>\n
Referin\u021be<\/h2>\n
- \n
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Available at: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/copd\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20353679<\/a><\/li>\n
- Cleveland Clinic, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Available at: https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/8709-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd<\/li>\n
- Sethi JM, Rochester CL. Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med. 2000 Mar;21(1):67-86, viii. doi: 10.1016\/s0272-5231(05)70008-3. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10763090\/<\/a><\/li>\n
- National Health Service UK, Symptoms – Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Available at: https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd\/symptoms\/<\/a><\/li>\n
- National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Medical Encyclopedia, Wheezing. Available at: https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/003070.htm<\/a><\/li>\n
- Agarwal AK, Raja A, Brown BD. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2023 Aug 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan\u2013. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32644707\/<\/li>\n
- Twinamasiko B, Mutekanga A, Ogueri O, Kisakye NI, North CM, Muzoora C, Muyanja D. Factors Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2023 Nov 10;18:2521-2529. doi: 10.2147\/COPD.S426928. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38022824\/<\/li>\n
- Xie Z, Ossip DJ, Rahman I, Li D. Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Self-Reported Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis in Adults. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 Jun 12;22(7):1155-1161. doi: 10.1093\/ntr\/ntz234. PMID: 31830263; PMCID: PMC7291797. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31830263\/<\/li>\n
- Kathuria H. Electronic Cigarette Use, Misuse, and Harm. Med Clin North Am. 2022 Nov;106(6):1081-1092. doi: 10.1016\/j.mcna.2022.07.009. Epub 2022 Oct 4. PMID: 36280334. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36280334\/<\/li>\n
- Sethi JM, Rochester CL. Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med. 2000 Mar;21(1):67-86, viii. doi: 10.1016\/s0272-5231(05)70008-3. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10763090\/<\/li>\n
- Bush A. COPD: a pediatric disease. COPD. 2008 Feb;5(1):53-67. doi: 10.1080\/15412550701815965. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18259975\/<\/li>\n
- Kabra SK, Lodha R, Singhal T. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in children. Indian J Pediatr. 2001 Apr;68 Suppl 2:S50-4. PMID: 11411378. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11411378\/<\/li>\n
- Rushton L. Occupational causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rev Environ Health. 2007 Jul-Sep;22(3):195-212. doi: 10.1515\/reveh.2007.22.3.195. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18078004\/<\/li>\n
- Murgia N, Gambelunghe A. Occupational COPD-The most under-recognized occupational lung disease? Respirology. 2022 Jun;27(6):399-410. doi: 10.1111\/resp.14272. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35513770\/<\/li>\n
- Bahadori K, FitzGerald JM, Levy RD, Fera T, Swiston J. Risk factors and outcomes associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations requiring hospitalization. Can Respir J. 2009 Jul-Aug;16(4):e43-9. doi: 10.1155\/2009\/179263. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19707601\/<\/li>\n
- Zeng G, Sun B, Zhong N. Non-smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a neglected entity? Respirology. 2012 Aug;17(6):908-12. doi: 10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02152.x. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22845669\/<\/li>\n
- Salvi SS, Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers. Lancet. 2009 Aug 29;374(9691):733-43. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61303-9. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19716966\/<\/li>\n
- Ka\u0142ucka S. The occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in cigarette smoking families. Przegl Lek. 2006;63(10):848-57. English, Polish. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17288170\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ce este boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103? Boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103 (BPOC) este o afec\u021biune pulmonar\u0103 cauzat\u0103 de leziuni ireversibile ale pl\u0103m\u00e2nilor. \u00cen BPOC sunt afecta\u021bi sacii de aer din pl\u0103m\u00e2ni \u0219i apar inflama\u021bii \u00een interiorul c\u0103ilor respiratorii care limiteaz\u0103 fluxul de aer \u00een \u0219i dinspre pl\u0103m\u00e2ni. Fluxul de aer limitat este cunoscut sub numele de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1732,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","override":[{"template":"6","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"no-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"floatbottom","share_float_style":"share-normal","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","show_zoom_button":"1","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"3","show_post_related":"1","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1726","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pneumologie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1726","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1726"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1726\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1731,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1726\/revisions\/1731"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1732"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1726"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1726"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1726"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- Infec\u021bii virale materne,<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Cauze epigenetice:<\/strong>\n
- Astmul cronic<\/strong>;<\/li>\n
- Oboseal\u0103 <\/strong>(senza\u021bie de lips\u0103 de energie);<\/li>\n
- Tuse toracic\u0103 persistent\u0103, cu flegm\u0103<\/strong> (care poate fi alb\u0103, galben\u0103 sau u\u0219or verzui);<\/li>\n