{"id":1743,"date":"2025-05-02T16:50:07","date_gmt":"2025-05-02T14:50:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/?p=1743"},"modified":"2025-05-12T12:56:14","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T10:56:14","slug":"cum-se-diagnosticheaza-boala-pulmonara-obstructiva-cronica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/cum-se-diagnosticheaza-boala-pulmonara-obstructiva-cronica\/","title":{"rendered":"Cum se diagnosticheaz\u0103 boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2>Cum se diagnosticheaz\u0103 boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103?<\/h2>\n<h3>Spirometria<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Spirometria<\/strong> este cel mai important \u0219i frecvent test utilizat \u00een diagnosticul BPOC dar este util\u0103 \u0219i \u00een evaluarea tiparelor respiratorii care identific\u0103 afec\u021biuni precum astmul, fibroza pulmonar\u0103, fibroza chistic\u0103 \u0219i altele [1]. Spirometria este un test de evaluare a func\u021biei pulmonare \u0219i a respira\u021biei\u00a0 care m\u0103soar\u0103 c\u00e2t de mult aer se inspir\u0103 \u0219i expir\u0103 din pl\u0103m\u00e2ni. \u00cen timpul testului mai sunt evaluate gradul de efort respirator \u0219i viteza respira\u021biei [2].<\/p>\n<h3>Radiografie &amp; teste sanguine<\/h3>\n<p>\u00cen cazul \u00een care medicul are nevoie de mai multe detalii, poate propune \u00eenc\u0103 2 metode de investigare: <strong>radiografie toracic\u0103 <\/strong>\u0219i <strong>test sanguin<\/strong> [3].<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.roneuro.ro\/specialitati\/medicina-interna.html\">radiografia<\/a> poate indica dac\u0103 exist\u0103 \u0219i alte probleme pulmonare precum infec\u021bii sau cancer, iar testul sanguin ajut\u0103 la depistarea deficitului unei proteine antiinflamatorii care protejeaz\u0103 pl\u0103m\u00e2nii [4], con\u021binut sc\u0103zut de fier (anemie) sau concentra\u021bie mare de globule ro\u0219ii (eritrocitoz\u0103).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Spirometrie;<\/li>\n<li>Radiografie toracic\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>Test sanguin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Teste suplimentare<\/h3>\n<p>Dac\u0103 medicul pneumolog constat\u0103 prezen\u021ba unor simptome ce sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 BPOC este \u00een stadiul avansat, atunci poate propune unul sau mai multe teste suplimentare precum: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.roneuro.ro\/specialitati\/cardiologie.html\">electrocardiogram\u0103<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/rolul-ecografiei-in-bolile-cardiace\/\">ecocardiogram\u0103<\/a>, oximetrie (pentru indicarea concentra\u021biei de O<sub>2<\/sub> din s\u00e2nge), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.roneuro.ro\/specialitati\/neurologie.html\">scanare CT<\/a>, test de flegm\u0103 [5].<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Electrocardiogram\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>Ecocardiogram\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>Scanare CT;<\/li>\n<li>Oximetrie;<\/li>\n<li>Test de flegm\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1764\" src=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Diagnostic-BPOC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"307\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Diagnostic-BPOC.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Diagnostic-BPOC-300x132.jpg 300w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Diagnostic-BPOC-1024x449.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Diagnostic-BPOC-768x337.jpg 768w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Diagnostic-BPOC-1536x674.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Diagnostic-BPOC-750x329.jpg 750w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Diagnostic-BPOC-1140x500.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Resurse \u0219i suport pentru pacien\u021bi<\/h2>\n<p>Dac\u0103 ave\u021bi probleme respiratorii \u0219i crede\u021bi c\u0103 ar putea fi vorba de boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103, programa\u021bi-v\u0103 acum la o consulta\u021bie<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">contact\u00e2nd recep\u021bia <strong>Institutului RoNeuro<\/strong> la num\u0103rul de telefon<\/span><b> <a href=\"tel:+40374462222\">0374 46 2222<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <strong>luni \u0219i mar\u021bi \u00eentre orele 08:00 &#8211; 19:00<\/strong>, iar de <strong>miercuri p\u00e2n\u0103 vineri \u00eentre orele 08:00 &#8211; 18:00<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La momentul program\u0103rii, pute\u021bi opta \u0219i pentru consulta\u021bie neurologic\u0103 gratuit\u0103, decontat\u0103 prin Casa Na\u021bional\u0103 de Asigur\u0103ri de S\u0103n\u0103tate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a style=\"background-color: #6852ed; color: white; text-decoration: none; border: none; padding: 10px 20px; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.roneuro.ro\/progamari.html\">Program\u0103ri online neurologie<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Locui\u021bi \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 izolat\u0103 sau nu v\u0103 pute\u021bi deplasa la clinic\u0103? Institutul RoNeuro ofer\u0103 \u0219i op\u021biunea de <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.roneuro.ro\/telemedicina.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">telemedicin\u0103<\/a>.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2>Cum poate fi gestionat\u0103 boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103?<\/h2>\n<p>Boala pulmonar\u0103 cronic\u0103 obstructive (BPOC), av\u00e2nd drept efect declinul func\u021biei respiratorii, produce un impact major asupra calit\u0103\u021bii vie\u021bii pacien\u021bilor. Statisticile indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 peste 8% din popula\u021bia Rom\u00e2niei sufer\u0103 de BPOC,\u00a0 aceasta fiind totodat\u0103 a treia cauz\u0103 major\u0103 de deces pe plan mondial. Articolele anterioare, au discutat despre <a href=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/boala-pulmonara-obstructiva-cronica\/\">cauzele, simptomele<\/a> \u0219i <a href=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/complicatiile-bolii-pulmonare-obstructive-cronice\/\">complica\u021biile BPOC<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103 este o boal\u0103 multifactorial\u0103, ce poate genera mai multe complica\u021bii. Prin urmare, tratamentele trebuie s\u0103 aibe \u00een vedere stadiul BPOC, simptomatologia \u0219i influen\u021ba mediului \u00eenconjur\u0103tor.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, tratamentele pot include: modific\u0103ri ale stilului de via\u021b\u0103, medica\u021bie alopat\u0103, tratamente cu aparate de ventila\u021bie non-invaziv\u0103, iar \u00een func\u021bie de severitatea BPOC, se pot folosi interven\u021bii chirurgicale [6].<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>CPAP este un aparat portabil cu presiune pozitiv\u0103 continu\u0103 a c\u0103ilor respiratorii, iar\u00a0 BiPaP este un aparat cu presiune pozitiv\u0103 bilateral\u0103 a c\u0103ilor respiratorii care elibereaz\u0103 aer la dou\u0103 nivele de presiune diferite, unul pentru respira\u021bie \u0219i unul pentru inspira\u021bie [9,10].<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Modific\u0103rile necesare care trebuie aplicate stilului de via\u021b\u0103 cuprind mai multe direc\u021bii de abordare, care trebuie s\u0103 aibe \u00een vedere eliminarea factorilor perturbatori, preven\u021bia infec\u021biilor virale, \u0219i evitarea aerului poluat.<\/p>\n<h3>Modific\u0103ri ale stilului de via\u021b\u0103<\/h3>\n<p>Exist\u0103 diverse abord\u0103ri de modificare a stilului de via\u021b\u0103 care pot ajuta \u00een gestionarea afec\u021biunii. Printre acestea amintim:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Renun\u021barea la fumat (prin anumite medicamente \u0219i\/sau consiliere psihologic\u0103 [7]);<\/li>\n<li>Reabilitare pulmonar\u0103 (exerci\u021bii fizice adaptate, exerci\u021bii de respira\u021bie);<\/li>\n<li>Diet\u0103 echilibrat\u0103 antiinflamatorie (precum legume, fructe, semin\u021be, pe\u0219te gras);<\/li>\n<li>Activitate fizic\u0103 regulat\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>Terapie cu ventila\u021bie non-invaziv\u0103 cu CPAP sau BiPAP;<\/li>\n<li>Evitarea mediului cu poluan\u021bi \u0219i alergeni;<\/li>\n<li>Vaccinare periodic\u0103 (antigripal\u0103, pneumococ sau COVID-19, dac\u0103 e cazul [8]).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 acestea, men\u021bion\u0103m faptul c\u0103 stilul de via\u021b\u0103 sedentar \u0219i stresul contribuie la probleme de s\u0103n\u0103tate larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite, cum ar fi obezitatea, diabetul \u0219i bolile cardiovasculare. Opozi\u021bia pacientului la interven\u021biile de stil de via\u021b\u0103 prescrise este o provocare documentat\u0103 la nivel mondial.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1744\" src=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Modificari-ale-stilului-de-viata-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"403\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Modificari-ale-stilului-de-viata-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Modificari-ale-stilului-de-viata-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Modificari-ale-stilului-de-viata-1024x688.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Modificari-ale-stilului-de-viata-768x516.jpg 768w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Modificari-ale-stilului-de-viata-1536x1032.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Modificari-ale-stilului-de-viata-2048x1376.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Modificari-ale-stilului-de-viata-750x504.jpg 750w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Modificari-ale-stilului-de-viata-1140x766.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Medica\u021bie alopat\u0103<\/h3>\n<p>Medica\u021bia alopat\u0103 joac\u0103 un rol esen\u021bial \u00een managementul BPOC, oferind solu\u021bii adaptate nevoilor individuale ale pacien\u021bilor.<\/p>\n<p>Medica\u021biile care contribuie la gestionarea BPOC:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bronhodilatatoare (pentru astm);<\/li>\n<li>Inhalatoare combinate (care con\u021bin mai multe clase de medicamente);<\/li>\n<li>Inhalatoare corticosteroidale;<\/li>\n<li>Medicamente orale (prescrise \u00een func\u021bie de simptomatologie);<\/li>\n<li>Antibiotice (pentru combaterea infec\u021biilor).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1745\" src=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Medicatie-alopata-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"461\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Medicatie-alopata-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Medicatie-alopata-300x276.jpg 300w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Medicatie-alopata-1024x944.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Medicatie-alopata-768x708.jpg 768w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Medicatie-alopata-1536x1416.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Medicatie-alopata-2048x1887.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Medicatie-alopata-750x691.jpg 750w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Medicatie-alopata-1140x1051.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Bronhodilatatoarele ajut\u0103 la relaxarea mu\u0219chilor din jurul c\u0103ilor respiratorii, facilit\u00e2nd respira\u021bia, \u00een timp ce inhalatoarele combinate asigur\u0103 un efect sinergic prin asocierea mai multor principii active. Inhalatoarele corticosteroidale reduc inflama\u021bia c\u0103ilor respiratorii, iar medicamentele orale sunt utilizate pentru a controla simptome specifice ale BPOC. \u00cen cazul infec\u021biilor respiratorii, antibioticele sunt adesea necesare pentru a preveni complica\u021bii \u0219i a accelera recuperarea. Este important ca tratamentul s\u0103 fie personalizat \u0219i monitorizat de c\u0103tre medic, pentru a asigura cea mai bun\u0103 calitate a vie\u021bii pacien\u021bilor.<\/p>\n<h3>Interven\u021bii chirurgicale<\/h3>\n<p>\u00cen cazurile grave de BPOC, este recomandat\u0103 interven\u021bia chirurgical\u0103 [13]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Transplant pulmonar (pentru stadiul terminal al BPOC);<\/li>\n<li>Interven\u021bii bronhoscopice (implantarea unor valve endobron\u0219ice [14] pentru a bloca fluxul de aer c\u0103tre zonele pulmonare foarte afectate, abla\u021bia cu vapori termici [15]);<\/li>\n<li>Lobectomie pulmonar\u0103 (pentru \u00eendep\u0103rtarea \u021besutului pulmonar afectat [16]);<\/li>\n<li>Terapii avansate experimentale (terapia cu anticorpi monoclonali pentru reducerea inflama\u021biei, terapia cu celule stem \u0219i terapia cu cu antioxidan\u021bi \u0219i mucolitice [17]).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1746\" src=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Interventii-chirurgicale-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"315\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Interventii-chirurgicale-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Interventii-chirurgicale-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Interventii-chirurgicale-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Interventii-chirurgicale-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Interventii-chirurgicale-1536x807.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Interventii-chirurgicale-2048x1076.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Interventii-chirurgicale-750x394.jpg 750w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Interventii-chirurgicale-1140x599.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen timp ce transplantul pulmonar este recomandat doar \u00een situa\u021bia cea mai grav\u0103, alte interven\u021bii, mai pu\u021bin invazive \u0219i riscante pot ajuta la restabilirea semnificativ\u0103 a func\u021biei respira\u021biei, precum implanturile de valve endobron\u0219ice, abla\u021bia cu vapori termici sau lobectomia pulmonar\u0103, \u00een urma c\u0103reia sunt \u00eendep\u0103rtate doar \u021besuturile afectate. \u00centr-un viitor relativ apropiat, terapiile avansate experimentale pot \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi semnificativ calitatea vie\u021bii pacien\u021bilor.<\/p>\n<h2>Cum se poate preveni boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103?<\/h2>\n<p>BPOC poate fi prevenit\u0103 cu ajutorul mai multor metode simple \u0219i u\u0219or de implementat care reduc riscurile \u00een mod semnificativ:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Renun\u021barea la fumat<\/strong> (\u00eencetarea fumatului [19, 20], abordarea unor terapii alopate ajut\u0103toare, evitarea fumatului pasiv);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evitarea mediilor poluante \u0219i a alergenilor<\/strong> (inclusiv fumul de la g\u0103tit);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Utilizarea m\u0103\u0219tilor de protec\u021bie la locurile de munc\u0103 cu factori de risc BPOC<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vaccinarea periodic\u0103<\/strong> (antigripal\u0103, vaccinare pentru pneumococ \u0219i anti COVID-19, dac\u0103 e cazul);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Abordarea unui stil de via\u021b\u0103 s\u0103n\u0103tos<\/strong> (exerci\u021bii fizice regulate, exerci\u021bii de respira\u021bie, diet\u0103 s\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103, evitarea obezit\u0103\u021bii [21]);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tratarea c\u00e2t mai timpurie a infec\u021biilor respiratorii<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evitarea drogurilor<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.roneuro.ro\/specialitati\/genetica-medicala.html\"><strong>Consiliere genetic\u0103<\/strong><\/a> (dac\u0103 au existat cazuri \u00een familie depistate cu deficien\u021b\u0103 de alpha-1 antitrypsin\u0103);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Informare corect\u0103 legat\u0103 de BPOC<\/strong> (educa\u021bia medical\u0103 preventiv\u0103 are un rol esen\u021bial [22]).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Concluzii<\/h2>\n<p>BPOC este o boal\u0103 multifactorial\u0103, dar ale c\u0103rei simptome pot fi gestionate, dac\u0103 se iau m\u0103suri din timp. Trebuie s\u0103 discuta\u021bi imediat cu medicul dumneavoastr\u0103 dac\u0103 observa\u021bi c\u0103 au ap\u0103rut probleme respiratorii.<\/p>\n<p>De multe ori, BPOC este dificil de diagnosticat, motiv pentru care este nevoie ca medicul s\u0103 cunoasc\u0103 simptomele \u0219i modul de debut, istoricul familial, dac\u0103 sunte\u021bi fum\u0103tor sau sunte\u021bi expu\u0219i fumatului pasiv sau dac\u0103 ave\u021bi un loc de munc\u0103 cu factori de risc ai BPOC.<\/p>\n<p>Este important ca planul de tratament al BPOC s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 c\u00e2t mai cur\u00e2nd posibil, deoarece promptitudinea interven\u021biei medicale interdisciplinare poate avea un impact semnificativ asupra rezultatelor pe termen lung, evit\u00e2ndu-se episoadele de exacerbare a simptomelor \u0219i complica\u021biile.<\/p>\n<h2>Referin\u021be<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Cagle SD Jr, Landrum LS, Kennedy AM. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2023 Jun;107(6):604-612. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37327161\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37327161\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>American Lung Association, What Is Spirometry and Why It Is Done. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lung.org\/lung-health-diseases\/lung-procedures-and-tests\/spirometry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.lung.org\/lung-health-diseases\/lung-procedures-and-tests\/spirometry<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National Health Service UK, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd\/diagnosis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd\/diagnosis\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health\/alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health\/alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficiency<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Agarwal AK, Raja A, Brown BD. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2023 Aug 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan\u2013. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559281\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559281\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>George DL. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment options. J Manag Care Pharm. 2004 Jul;10(4 Suppl):S11-6. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15253682\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15253682\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Wheaton AG, Liu Y, Croft JB, VanFrank B, Croxton TL, Punturieri A, Postow L, Greenlund KJ. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Smoking Status &#8211; United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Jun 21;68(24):533-538. doi: 10.15585\/mmwr.mm6824a1. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31220055\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31220055\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Born CDC, Bhadra R, D&#8217;Souza G, Kremers SPJ, Sambashivaiah S, Schols AMWJ, Crutzen R, Beijers RJHCG; P4O2 Consortium. Combined Lifestyle Interventions in the Prevention and Management of Asthma and COPD: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2024 May 17;16(10):1515. doi: 10.3390\/nu16101515. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38794757\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38794757\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Faqihi BM, Trethewey SP, Morlet J, Parekh D, Turner AM. Bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation for non-COPD acute hypercapnic respiratory failure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Med. 2021 Oct-Dec;16(4):306-322. doi: 10.4103\/atm.atm_683_20. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34820018\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34820018\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Abubacker AP, Ndakotsu A, Chawla HV, Iqbal A, Grewal A, Myneni R, Vivekanandan G, Khan S. Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation for Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Prehospital and Emergency Settings. Cureus. 2021 Jun 13;13(6):e15624. doi: 10.7759\/cureus.15624. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34277241\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34277241\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Blagev DP. Comparison Among Different Inhalers in COPD: The Differences Are Too Big and Too Small, and It Matters. 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In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan\u2013. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32644755\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32644755\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mandru R, Zhou CY, Pauley R, Burkes RM. Considerations for and Mechanisms of Adjunct Therapy in COPD. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1225. doi: 10.3390\/jcm10061225. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7999347\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7999347\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Papi A, Morandi L, Fabbri LM. Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Clin Chest Med. 2020 Sep;41(3):453-462. doi: 10.1016\/j.ccm.2020.05.004. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32800198\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32800198\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>van der Molen T, Schokker S. Primary prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009 Dec;6(8):704-6. doi: 10.1513\/pats.200907-062DP. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20008880\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20008880\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Wise RA, Tashkin DP. Preventing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: what is known and what needs to be done to make a difference to the patient? Am J Med. 2007 Aug;120(8 Suppl 1):S14-22. doi: 10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.04.008. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17678939\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17678939\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ambrosino N, Bertella E. Lifestyle interventions in prevention and comprehensive management of COPD. Breathe (Sheff). 2018 Sep;14(3):186-194. doi: 10.1183\/20734735.018618. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6118879\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6118879\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rossaki FM, Hurst JR, van Gemert F, Kirenga BJ, Williams S, Khoo EM, Tsiligianni I, Tabyshova A, van Boven JF. Strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COPD in low- and middle- income countries: the importance of primary care. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2021 Dec;15(12):1563-1577. doi: 10.1080\/17476348.2021.1985762. Epub 2021 Oct 12. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34595990\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34595990\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cum se diagnosticheaz\u0103 boala pulmonar\u0103 obstructiv\u0103 cronic\u0103? Spirometria Spirometria este cel mai important \u0219i frecvent test utilizat \u00een diagnosticul BPOC dar este util\u0103 \u0219i \u00een evaluarea tiparelor respiratorii care identific\u0103 afec\u021biuni precum astmul, fibroza pulmonar\u0103, fibroza chistic\u0103 \u0219i altele [1]. Spirometria este un test de evaluare a func\u021biei pulmonare \u0219i a respira\u021biei\u00a0 care m\u0103soar\u0103 c\u00e2t [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1753,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","override":[{"template":"6","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"no-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"floatbottom","share_float_style":"share-normal","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","show_zoom_button":"1","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"3","show_post_related":"1","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1743","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pneumologie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1743","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1743"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1743\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1765,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1743\/revisions\/1765"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1753"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1743"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1743"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1743"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}