{"id":2384,"date":"2026-08-18T08:51:32","date_gmt":"2026-08-18T06:51:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/?p=2384"},"modified":"2026-08-18T08:51:32","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T06:51:32","slug":"dislexia-si-discalculia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/dislexia-si-discalculia\/","title":{"rendered":"Cum putem identifica dislexia \u0219i discalculia?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2>Cum putem identifica dislexia \u0219i discalculia?<\/h2>\n<p>Diferen\u021bele de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare, precum dislexia \u0219i discalculia [1], sunt afec\u021biuni <a href=\"https:\/\/www.roneuro.ro\/\">neurologice<\/a> care au impact asupra modului \u00een care este procesat limbajul scris \u0219i informa\u021biile numerice.<\/p>\n<p>Dislexia este asociat\u0103 cu dificult\u0103\u021bi de citire \u0219i procesare a limbajului \u00een timp ce discalculia afecteaz\u0103 capacitatea de a \u00een\u021belege \u0219i lucra cu numere [2].<\/p>\n<p>At\u00e2t dislexia, c\u00e2t \u0219i discalculia \u00ee\u0219i au r\u0103d\u0103cinile \u00een diferen\u021bele de dezvoltare \u0219i func\u021bionare a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.roneuro.ro\/specialitati\/neurologie.html\">creierului<\/a>, nefiind cauzate de lipsa de efort, predare deficitar\u0103 sau inteligen\u021b\u0103 sc\u0103zut\u0103 [3].<\/p>\n<p>Identificarea timpurie este esen\u021bial\u0103, deoarece permite abordarea unor strategii de sprijin adecvate care pot \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi semnificativ performan\u021ba academic\u0103 \u0219i \u00eencrederea \u00een sine [4].<\/p>\n<h2>Cum se manifest\u0103 dislexia?<\/h2>\n<p>Primele semne ale dislexiei apar \u00een procesarea fonetic\u0103, recunoa\u0219terea \u0219i folosirea silabelor, precum \u0219i interpretarea simbolurilor scrise [5]. Astfel, copiii cu dislexie au dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identificarea rimelor sau descompunerea cuvintelor \u00een silabe [6],<\/li>\n<li>Asocierea literelor cu sunetele corespunz\u0103toare,<\/li>\n<li>Combinarea sunetelor pentru a forma cuvinte.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2386 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-dislexie-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"219\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-dislexie-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-dislexie-300x94.jpg 300w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-dislexie-1024x321.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-dislexie-768x241.jpg 768w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-dislexie-1536x481.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-dislexie-2048x642.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-dislexie-750x235.jpg 750w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-dislexie-1140x357.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Un copil cu dislexie cite\u0219te \u00eencet, ezit\u0103 frecvent \u0219i \u00eenlocuie\u0219te gre\u0219it cuvintele [7]. De exemplu, poate confunda cuvinte care seam\u0103n\u0103 vizual precum \u201ecas\u0103\u201d \u0219i \u201emas\u0103\u201d, poate s\u0103ri peste cuvinte mici precum \u201epe\u201d, \u201ede\u201d, \u201ela\u201d sau poate inversa literele, precum &#8222;b&#8221; \u00een loc de &#8222;d&#8221;, &#8222;m&#8221; \u00een loc de &#8222;n&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen alte situa\u021bii copilul \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 ghiceasc\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul dup\u0103 prima liter\u0103 sau dup\u0103 aspectul vizual, \u00een loc s\u0103 \u00eel decodifice fonetic, transform\u00e2nd, de exemplu, \u201etren\u201d \u00een \u201eteren\u201d dac\u0103 acestea \u00eencep la fel sau seam\u0103n\u0103 [8].<\/p>\n<p>Din punct de vedere al ortografiei, cuvintele sunt scrise inconsistent, chiar \u0219i \u00een cadrul aceluia\u0219i text. De exemplu, un copil ar putea scrie diferit acela\u0219i cuv\u00e2nt, de mai multe ori, datorit\u0103 dificult\u0103\u021bii de a procesa modelele de ortografie [9]. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 citit \u0219i scris, dislexia influen\u021beaz\u0103:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Memoria de lucru<\/strong> (dificultatea de a urma instruc\u021biuni \u00een mai mul\u021bi pa\u0219i) [10],<\/li>\n<li><strong>Viteza general\u0103 de procesare<\/strong> (finalizarea lent\u0103 a sarcinilor) [11],<\/li>\n<li><strong>Abilit\u0103\u021bile de organizare la elevi \u0219i studen\u021bi<\/strong> (luarea noti\u021belor \u0219i exprimarea scris\u0103) [12].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2385\" src=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dislexia-influenteaza-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"290\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dislexia-influenteaza-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dislexia-influenteaza-300x124.jpg 300w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dislexia-influenteaza-1024x424.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dislexia-influenteaza-768x318.jpg 768w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dislexia-influenteaza-1536x635.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dislexia-influenteaza-2048x847.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dislexia-influenteaza-750x310.jpg 750w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dislexia-influenteaza-1140x471.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Unii copii au dificult\u0103\u021bi u\u0219oare, \u00een timp ce al\u021bii se confrunt\u0103 cu probleme mai mari. \u00cen ciuda acestor dificult\u0103\u021bi, copiii cu dislexie pot avea performan\u021be foarte mari \u00een creativitate, rezolvarea problemelor \u0219i g\u00e2ndirea vizual\u0103 [13].<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>Resurse \u0219i suport pentru pacien\u021bi<\/h2>\n<p>Dac\u0103 a\u021bi observat la dumneavoastra sau la copilul dumneavoastr\u0103 oricare din simptomele amintite \u0219i b\u0103nui\u021bi c\u0103 ar putea fi vorba de dislexie sau discalculie, o evaluare poate fi util\u0103 pentru a \u00een\u021belege cauzele \u0219i a primi recomand\u0103ri personalizate. Programa\u021bi-v\u0103 acum la o consulta\u021bie <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">contact\u00e2nd recep\u021bia <strong>Institutului RoNeuro<\/strong> la num\u0103rul de telefon<\/span><b> <a href=\"tel:+40374462222\">0374 46 2222<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <strong>luni \u0219i mar\u021bi \u00eentre orele 08:00 &#8211; 19:00<\/strong>, iar de <strong>miercuri p\u00e2n\u0103 vineri \u00eentre orele 08:00 &#8211; 18:00<\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La momentul program\u0103rii, pute\u021bi opta \u0219i pentru consulta\u021bie neurologic\u0103 gratuit\u0103, decontat\u0103 prin Casa Na\u021bional\u0103 de Asigur\u0103ri de S\u0103n\u0103tate. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a style=\"background-color: #6852ed; color: white; text-decoration: none; border: none; padding: 10px 20px; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.roneuro.ro\/progamari.html\">Program\u0103ri online neurologie<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Locui\u021bi \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 izolat\u0103 sau nu v\u0103 pute\u021bi deplasa la clinic\u0103? Institutul RoNeuro ofer\u0103 \u0219i op\u021biunea de <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.roneuro.ro\/telemedicina.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">telemedicin\u0103<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Cum se manifest\u0103 discalculia?<\/h2>\n<p>Discalculia se refer\u0103 la dificult\u0103\u021bi persistente \u00een \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea aritmeticii de baz\u0103 \u0219i \u00een\u021belegerea conceptelor numerice. Astfel, copiii cu discalculie au dificult\u0103\u021bi legate de, \u00een\u021belegerea intuitiv\u0103 a numerelor \u0219i a rela\u021biilor dintre acestea [14]. Aceasta se poate manifesta prin:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een recunoa\u0219terea cantit\u0103\u021bilor (de exemplu, 5 \u00eenseamn\u0103 mai mult dec\u00e2t 3) [15],<\/li>\n<li>Dificult\u0103\u021bi legate de \u00een\u021belegerea ordinii sau secven\u021bierii numerelor,<\/li>\n<li>Dificultate extrem\u0103 \u00een a re\u021bine tabla \u00eenmul\u021birii [16],<\/li>\n<li>Dependen\u021ba de num\u0103ratul pe degete,<\/li>\n<li>Confuzie cu simboluri matematice de baz\u0103, cum ar fi +, \u2212, \u00d7, \u00f7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Astfel, opera\u021biile aritmetice simple, precum adunarea sau sc\u0103derea, pot p\u0103rea dificile [17]. Un copil se poate baza prea mult pe num\u0103rarea degetelor (mult dup\u0103 v\u00e2rsta la care acest lucru ar trebui s\u0103 fie dep\u0103\u0219it), dar chiar \u0219i atunci, erorile sunt frecvente.<\/p>\n<p>O dificultate comun\u0103 a copiilor cu discalculie este procesarea vizual\u0103 [18], care afecteaz\u0103 sarcini precum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alinierea corect\u0103 a numerelor \u00een calculele scrise,<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen\u021belegerea valorii pozi\u021bionale (unit\u0103\u021bi, zeci, sute),<\/li>\n<li>Interpretarea graficelor, diagramelor sau formelor geometrice [19].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Copiii cu discalculie au probleme de orientare spa\u021bial\u0103 \u0219i \u00een\u021belegerea trecerii timpului [20], precum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Citirea orei pe un ceas analogic,<\/li>\n<li>Estimarea duratelor sau a distan\u021belor,<\/li>\n<li>Confuzie \u00eentre st\u00e2nga \u0219i dreapta.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2387\" src=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-discalculie-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"435\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-discalculie-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-discalculie-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-discalculie-1024x637.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-discalculie-768x478.jpg 768w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-discalculie-1536x955.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-discalculie-2048x1274.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-discalculie-750x466.jpg 750w, https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dificultati-discalculie-1140x709.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Care sunt cauzele dislexiei \u0219i discalculiei?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Cauzele dislexiei<\/strong> se reg\u0103sesc \u00een regiunile creierului responsabile cu procesarea limbajului,\u00a0 fiind afectat\u0103 eficien\u021ba proces\u0103rii informa\u021biilor fonologice \u0219i conectarea sunetelor la simbolurile scrise [22].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cauzele discalculiei<\/strong> sunt asociate cu varia\u021bii ale zonelor creierului implicate \u00een cunoa\u0219terea numeric\u0103, fiind afectat\u0103 \u00een\u021belegerea cantit\u0103\u021bilor, ordinilor, modelelor \u0219i rela\u021biilor matematice simple [23].<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00cen unele cazuri dislexia \u0219i discalculia pot s\u0103 apar\u0103 concomitent [24], deoarece ele au \u00een comun procese cognitive care se suprapun, precum memoria de lucru \u0219i viteza de procesare.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Cei mai importan\u021bi factori de risc direc\u021bi sau indirec\u021bi, care contribuie la apari\u021bia uneia sau a ambelor afec\u021biuni sunt:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Influen\u021be genetice<\/strong> (ambele afec\u021biuni pot avea component\u0103 ereditar\u0103) [25],<\/li>\n<li><strong>Factori prenatali \u0219i de dezvoltare timpurie<\/strong> (complica\u021bii \u00een timpul sarcinii) [26,27],<\/li>\n<li><strong>Diferen\u021be neurologice<\/strong> (conectivitatea neuronal\u0103 \u0219i viteza de procesare) [28,29].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p>Aceste afec\u021biuni sunt prezente pe tot parcursul vie\u021bii, \u00eens\u0103 cu sprijin adecvat, indivizii pot dezvolta strategii eficiente pentru a-\u0219i gestiona dificult\u0103\u021bile, av\u00e2nd anumite succese \u00een plan academic \u0219i profesional.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>Ce pute\u021bi face dac\u0103 ave\u021bi dislexie sau discalculie?<\/h2>\n<p>Dislexia \u0219i discalculia necesit\u0103 o abordare <a href=\"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/category\/neurologie\/\">multidisciplinar\u0103<\/a> care trebuie s\u0103 cuprind\u0103 urm\u0103toarele obiective:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identificare \u0219i evaluare timpurie,<\/li>\n<li>Sprijin educa\u021bional personalizat,<\/li>\n<li>Suport emo\u021bional \u0219i psihologic,<\/li>\n<li>Educa\u021bie incluziv\u0103 \u0219i con\u0219tientizare.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Identificarea \u0219i evaluarea timpurie<\/h3>\n<p>Cu c\u00e2t aceste afec\u021biuni sunt identificate mai devreme, cu at\u00e2t rezultatele sunt mai bune. Profesorii \u0219i p\u0103rin\u021bii au nevoie s\u0103 observe abilit\u0103\u021bile copiilor legate de citire, scriere \u0219i matematic\u0103, \u00een vederea propunerii unei evalu\u0103ri realizat\u0103 de c\u0103tre psihologul clinician sau psihopedagog, \u00een colaborare cu un medic specialist, dac\u0103 e cazul [30].<\/p>\n<h3>Sprijin educa\u021bional personalizat<\/h3>\n<p>\u00cen urma evalu\u0103rii aptitudinilor, copiii beneficiaz\u0103 de abord\u0103ri didactice structurate \u0219i individualizate [31] \u00een func\u021bie de tipul afec\u021biunii. Astfel, pentru dislexie, strategiile educa\u021bionale [32] se refer\u0103 la:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Instruire bazat\u0103 pe fonetic\u0103, focalizat\u0103 pe rela\u021biile sunet-liter\u0103,<\/li>\n<li>\u00cenv\u0103\u021bare multisenzorial\u0103, combin\u00e2nd metode vizuale, auditive \u0219i tactile,<\/li>\n<li>Tehnologie de asistare, (software-ul text-vorbire sau c\u0103r\u021bile \u00een format audio).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cen cazul discalculiei, abord\u0103rile educa\u021bionale cele mai importante se bazeaz\u0103 pe:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00cenv\u0103\u021bare asistat\u0103 bazat\u0103 pe tehnologie pentru interven\u021bii personalizate [33],<\/li>\n<li>Instruire pas cu pas (\u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea problemelor \u00een mai multe etape simple),<\/li>\n<li>Repeti\u021bie \u0219i practic\u0103 (dezvoltarea abilit\u0103\u021bilor fundamentale),<\/li>\n<li>Dezvoltarea proces\u0103rii numerice [34].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Suport emo\u021bional \u0219i psihologic<\/h3>\n<p>At\u00eet \u00een cazul discalculiei c\u00e2t \u0219i a dislexiei, dificultatea de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare poate afecta stima de sine, copilul se simte ne\u00een\u021beles sau este comparat cu colegii. \u00cencurajarea, r\u0103bdarea \u0219i recunoa\u0219terea calit\u0103\u021bilor sale sunt esen\u021biale [35].<\/p>\n<p>Dislexia \u0219i discalculia nu sunt corelate cu nivelul de inteligen\u021b\u0103, deoarece sunt tulbur\u0103ri specifice de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare datorate unor cauze neurologice \u0219i genetice [36], care afecteaz\u0103 procesarea informa\u021biilor, nu capacitatea cognitiv\u0103 general\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, multe persoane de succes precum antreprenori, arti\u0219ti \u0219i oameni de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au diferen\u021be de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare.<\/p>\n<h3>Educa\u021biea incluziv\u0103 \u0219i con\u0219tientizarea<\/h3>\n<p>Educa\u021bia incluziv\u0103 este o form\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt care asigur\u0103 \u0219anse egale tuturor copiilor, adapt\u00e2nd \u0219coala la nevoile tuturor elevilor, inclusiv cei cu dizabilit\u0103\u021bi, promov\u00e2nd diversitatea, cooperarea \u0219i reducerea stigmatiz\u0103rii [37].<\/p>\n<p>Profesorii pot s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 se adapteze diferen\u021belor de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare pe baza unor metode simple precum acordarea de timp suplimentar sau formate alternative pentru elaborarea \u0219i rezolvarea temelor [38].<\/p>\n<h2>Concluzii<\/h2>\n<p>Dislexia \u0219i discalculia sunt afec\u021biuni care se manifest\u0103 prin diferen\u021be de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare care afecteaz\u0103 limbajul \u0219i, respectiv, procesarea numeric\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Cauzele acestora se afl\u0103 \u00een factorii neurologici \u0219i genetici. Fiecare individ experimenteaz\u0103 aceste afec\u021biuni \u00een mod diferit, fapt care necesit\u0103 abord\u0103ri personalizate pentru identificare \u0219i sprijin.<\/p>\n<p>Interven\u021bia timpurie, strategiile de predare specializate \u0219i \u00eencurajarea emo\u021bional\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103\u021besc semnificativ rezultatele. Astfel, persoanele cu dislexie \u0219i discalculie pot ob\u021bine succes academic, tr\u0103ind o via\u021b\u0103 \u00eemplinit\u0103.<\/p>\n<h2>Referin\u021be<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Peters L, Bulth\u00e9 J, Daniels N, Op de Beeck H, De Smedt B. Dyscalculia and dyslexia: Different behavioral, yet similar brain activity profiles during arithmetic. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;18:663-674. Published 2018 Mar 4. doi:10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.03.003. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5987869\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5987869\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Landerl K, Fussenegger B, Moll K, Willburger E. Dyslexia and dyscalculia: two learning disorders with different cognitive profiles. J Exp Child Psychol. 2009;103(3):309-324. doi:10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.03.006. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19398112\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19398112\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Grant JG, Siegel LS, D&#8217;Angiulli A. From Schools to Scans: A Neuroeducational Approach to Comorbid Math and Reading Disabilities. Front Public Health. 2020;8:469. Published 2020 Oct 22. doi:10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00469. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7642246\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7642246\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Snowling MJ. Early identification and interventions for dyslexia: a contemporary view. J Res Spec Educ Needs. 2013;13(1):7-14. doi:10.1111\/j.1471-3802.2012.01262.x. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4538781\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4538781\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Remien K, Marwaha R. Dyslexia. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557668\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557668\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Cox AR, Hutcheson L. Syllable division: Prerequisite to dyslexics&#8217; literacy. Ann Dyslexia. 1988;38(1):226-242. doi:10.1007\/BF02648258. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24235043\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24235043\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>De Rom M, Van Reybroeck M. Guessing errors made by children with dyslexia in word and text reading. Front Psychol. 2024;15:1195696. Published 2024 Aug 5. doi:10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1195696. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11330818\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11330818\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Hebert M, Kearns DM, Hayes JB, Bazis P, Cooper S. Why Children With Dyslexia Struggle With Writing and How to Help Them. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2018;49(4):843-863. doi:10.1044\/2018_LSHSS-DYSLC-18-0024. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6430506\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6430506\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Niolaki GZ, Negoita A, Vousden JI, Terzopoulos AR, Taylor L, Masterson J. What spelling errors can tell us about the development of processes involved in children&#8217;s spelling. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1178427. Published 2023 May 11. doi:10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1178427. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10213957\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10213957\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gray S, Fox AB, Green S, et al. Working Memory Profiles of Children With Dyslexia, Developmental Language Disorder, or Both. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2019;62(6):1839-1858. doi:10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-L-18-0148. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31112436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31112436\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Peter B, Matsushita M, Raskind WH. Global processing speed in children with low reading ability and in children and adults with typical reading ability: exploratory factor analytic models. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011;54(3):885-899. doi:10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/10-0135). Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3874392\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3874392\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Benedetti I, Barone M, Panetti V, et al. Clustering analysis of factors affecting academic career of university students with dyslexia in Italy. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):9010. Published 2022 May 30. doi:10.1038\/s41598-022-12985-w. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9151798\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9151798\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kapoula Z, Ruiz S, Spector L, et al. Education Influences Creativity in Dyslexic and Non-Dyslexic Children and Teenagers. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0150421. Published 2016 Mar 7. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0150421. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4780733\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4780733\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Haberstroh S, Schulte-K\u00f6rne G. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyscalculia. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2019;116(7):107-114. doi:10.3238\/arztebl.2019.0107. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6440373\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6440373\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Decarli G, Paris E, Tencati C, et al. Impaired large numerosity estimation and intact subitizing in developmental dyscalculia. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0244578. Published 2020 Dec 31. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0244578. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7774972\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7774972\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dotan D, Zviran-Ginat S. Elementary math in elementary school: the effect of interference on learning the multiplication table. Cogn Res Princ Implic. 2022;7(1):101. Published 2022 Dec 2. doi:10.1186\/s41235-022-00451-0. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9716515\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9716515\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Handelsman N, Dotan D. Reading numbers is hard, and the difficulty is a syntactic one: a descriptive analysis of number-reading patterns in readers with and without dysnumeria. Cogn Res Princ Implic. 2025;10(1):84. Published 2025 Dec 9. doi:10.1186\/s41235-025-00694-7. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12690019\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12690019\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Szucs D, Devine A, Soltesz F, Nobes A, Gabriel F. Developmental dyscalculia is related to visuo-spatial memory and inhibition impairment. Cortex. 2013;49(10):2674-2688. doi:10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.06.007. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3878850\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3878850\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dowker A. Developmental Dyscalculia in Relation to Individual Differences in Mathematical Abilities. Children (Basel). 2024;11(6):623. doi:10.3390\/children11060623. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11201520\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11201520\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Burny E, Valcke M, Desoete A. Clock reading: an underestimated topic in children with mathematics difficulties. J Learn Disabil. 2012;45(4):351-360. doi:10.1177\/0022219411407773. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21685353\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21685353\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1rdenas SY, Silva-Pereyra J, Prieto-Corona B, Castro-Chavira SA, Fern\u00e1ndez T. Arithmetic processing in children with dyscalculia: an event-related potential study. PeerJ. 2021;9:e10489. Published 2021 Jan 27. doi:10.7717\/peerj.10489. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7847199\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7847199\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Habib M. The Neurological Basis of Developmental Dyslexia and Related Disorders: A Reappraisal of the Temporal Hypothesis, Twenty Years on. Brain Sci. 2021;11(6):708. Published 2021 May 27. doi:10.3390\/brainsci11060708. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8229928\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8229928\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Cleveland Clinic, What causes dyscalculia?. https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/23949-dyscalculia<\/li>\n<li>INSERM Collective Expertise Centre. Dyslexia Dysorthography Dyscalculia: Review of the scientific data [Internet]. Paris (FR): Institut national de la sant\u00e9 et de la recherche m\u00e9dicale; 2007. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK10787\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK10787\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Georgitsi M, Dermitzakis I, Soumelidou E, Bonti E. The Polygenic Nature and Complex Genetic Architecture of Specific Learning Disorder. Brain Sci. 2021;11(5):631. Published 2021 May 14. doi:10.3390\/brainsci11050631. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8156942\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8156942\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Radtke BM, Lipowska M, Bieleninik \u0141, et al. Developmental dyslexia in children with perinatal exposure to hypoxia: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2024;19(9):e0308497. Published 2024 Sep 12. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0308497. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11392324\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11392324\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>L\u00f3pez-Zamora M, Porcar-Gozalbo N, L\u00f3pez-Chicheri I, Cano-Villagrasa A. Impact of Prematurity and Neonatal Complications on the Development of Dyslexia. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2025;85(3):e70021. doi:10.1002\/jdn.70021. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40320671\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40320671\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Marks RA, Pollack C, Meisler SL, et al. Neurocognitive mechanisms of co-occurring math difficulties in dyslexia: Differences in executive function and visuospatial processing. Dev Sci. 2024;27(2):e13443. doi:10.1111\/desc.13443. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10918042\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10918042\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ashkenazi S, Black JM, Abrams DA, Hoeft F, Menon V. Neurobiological underpinnings of math and reading learning disabilities. J Learn Disabil. 2013;46(6):549-569. doi:10.1177\/0022219413483174. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3795983\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3795983\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Tv M, M M, Albert S. Early identification and enhanced assessment of learning disabilities: A review. Appl Neuropsychol Child. Published online April 24, 2025. doi:10.1080\/21622965.2025.2482754. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40271983\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40271983\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Liu H. Personalized learning support system for special education: a real-time feedback mechanism based on deep reinforcement learning. Front Psychol. 2025;16:1658698. Published 2025 Nov 20. doi:10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1658698. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12676707\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12676707\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ziegler JC, Perry C, Zorzi M. Learning to Read and Dyslexia: From Theory to Intervention Through Personalized Computational Models. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2020;29(3):293-300. doi:10.1177\/0963721420915873. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7324076\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7324076\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Jadhav D, Chettri SK, Tripathy AK, Saikia MJ. A Technology-Driven Assistive Learning Tool and Framework for Personalized Dyscalculia Interventions. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2025;15(5):85. Published 2025 May 15. doi:10.3390\/ejihpe15050085. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12109858\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12109858\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Landerl K. Development of numerical processing in children with typical and dyscalculic arithmetic skills-a longitudinal study. Front Psychol. 2013;4:459. Published 2013 Jul 23. doi:10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00459. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3720999\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3720999\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Grigorenko EL, Compton DL, Fuchs LS, Wagner RK, Willcutt EG, Fletcher JM. Understanding, educating, and supporting children with specific learning disabilities: 50 years of science and practice. Am Psychol. 2020;75(1):37-51. doi:10.1037\/amp0000452. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6851403\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6851403\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kwok FY, Wilkey ED, Peters L, et al. Developmental dyscalculia is not associated with atypical brain activation: A univariate fMRI study of arithmetic, magnitude processing, and visuospatial working memory. Hum Brain Mapp. 2023;44(18):6308-6325. doi:10.1002\/hbm.26495. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10681641\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10681641\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Al-Korbi H, Al-Hamdani MA, Ghareeb A, Al-Asmakh M, Abdallah AM. Facilitating inclusive education: Assessing faculty awareness and attitudes towards students with special educational needs at Qatar university. Heliyon. 2024;10(10):e31076. Published 2024 May 10. doi:10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31076. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11107362\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11107362\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Pino M, Mortari L. The inclusion of students with dyslexia in higher education: a systematic review using narrative synthesis. Dyslexia. 2014;20(4):346-369. doi:10.1002\/dys.1484. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4253321\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4253321\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cum putem identifica dislexia \u0219i discalculia? Diferen\u021bele de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare, precum dislexia \u0219i discalculia [1], sunt afec\u021biuni neurologice care au impact asupra modului \u00een care este procesat limbajul scris \u0219i informa\u021biile numerice. Dislexia este asociat\u0103 cu dificult\u0103\u021bi de citire \u0219i procesare a limbajului \u00een timp ce discalculia afecteaz\u0103 capacitatea de a \u00een\u021belege \u0219i lucra cu numere [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2391,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","override":[{"template":"6","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"no-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"floatbottom","share_float_style":"share-normal","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","show_zoom_button":"1","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_popup_post":"1","show_comment_section":"1","number_popup_post":"3","show_post_related":"1","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2384","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-neurologie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2384","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2384"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2384\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2390,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2384\/revisions\/2390"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2391"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2384"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roneuro.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}